ABSTRACT

A digestibility experiment was conducted in the Animal Nutrition Laboratory of the Veterinary School of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Protocol ethics committee for work with animal experimentation CETEA/ UFMG 212/2010, in order to validate the instrumental techniques Laser Diffraction (Partica) and Infrared Spectroscopy with Fourier Transformer (FTIR) method, as replacement methods of the reference (Enzymatic Analysis) Technique, of starch quantification in diets of growing pigs. The experiment lasted 12 days (7 days of adaptation to the cage and diet and 5 days of total collection). Fifteen barrows with average weight of ±25 kg and 65 days old were used for this study. A completely randomized experimental design was adopted, with split plots and subplots. The plots were the diets (1―Reference, 2―Reference + inclusion of 30% micronized soybean and 3―Reference +30% substitution of plasma) and the subplots were the techniques (Partica, FTIR and Enzymatic Technique, with five repetitions (animals) per diet). The results obtained with the Partica and FTIR techniques were compared to the reference method. There was no statistical difference (p > 5%) between these techniques evaluated in comparison to the reference method to quantify starch. However, it was observed that the FTIR technique was different from the reference method for (p > 5%) overestimating the means of evaluated samples.

Keywords:

Instrumental Techniques, Enzymatic Technique, Quantification of Starch

1. Introduction

The feed starch is quantified by the amount of glucose released after its complete enzymatic hydrolysis, by using a combined of amylolytic enzymes [1] . The α- amylase promotes fragmentation of the starch molecule by hydrolysis to produce reducing sugars of low molecular weight (maltose, maltotriose and maltotetrose). However, this enzyme does not hydrolyze glycosidic bonds present in amylopectin and therefore the amiloglicosidasis must be used for complete hydrolysis of starch to glucose. However, techniques based on this principle are not efficient for the determination of resistant starch. Therefore, from the 80s, efforts were concentrated on developing techniques that addressed the determination jointly or separately, of these two fractions, for better results and a higher reliability, those named instrumental techniques, faster, easier and more accurate in their results.

The study of the chemical composition of feeds can be done by conventional chemical techniques or by instrumental techniques (use of equipment). For the use of instrumental techniques such as Infrared Spectroscopy with Fourier Transformer (FTIR) and Laser Diffraction (Partica), the prior standardization is necessary, made from comparisons with standard techniques Enzymatic Analysis.

Principle of Particle Technique is based on the measurement of the particle size of the sample, where the instrument detects the correlation between the intensity and the angle of the diffracted light of the particles and calculates its size by Mie diffraction.

The smaller the wavelength of a beam of light, the particles are smaller, and has a higher diffraction angle.

The infrared region in the electromagnetic spectrum comprises radiation ranging from 14000 to 10 cm⁻¹; or wavelength from 0.7 to 1000 μm. The objective of infrared absorption spectroscopy is to determine the functional groups of a given material. Each group absorbs the characteristic frequency of radiation in this region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Thus, a graph of intensity of radiation versus frequency, the infrared spectrogram, allows to characterize the functional groups of a pattern or an unknown material. This is one of the analytical techniques that have more applications, and can be used for qualitative and quantitative [2] .

It evaluated the starch concentration in the root of cassava genotypes through enzymatic techniques, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and a particular analysis by laser diffraction (Partica). The conventional (enzymatic) method is proved to be the most laborious and subject to variations in results. The instrumental methods were promising for their use in the determination of starch, by the uniformity of their results and speed of execution [3] .

2. Materials and Methods

The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Animal Metabolism, Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais.

We used in this experiment 15 swine barrows of commercial line DB Dambred aged 65 days old and with initial weight of ±25 kg. The animals were housed individually in metabolic cages fitted with feeder, drinker, individual collector of feces and urine for a period of 7 days for adaptation and 5 days of collection. The trial lasted 12 days.

The experimental diets were manufactured from a basal diet (T1) described in Table 1.

The diets corresponding to the other dietary treatments (T3 and T2) are characterized by substitution in the second diet of 30% of the basal diet with micronized soybean and in the third diet, replacement of 30% of the basal diet with blood plasma. Diets were formulated to meet the requirements of animals, according to the dietary recommendations of [4] . Diets were fed moistened twice a day, one at 6:00 in the morning and the other at 18:00 in the afternoon. Established feed intake was according to the metabolic weight of each animal. Water was provided ad libitum. The digestibility markers were administered orally. LIPE® was supplied in capsule form, one capsule of 0.25 g per animal per day. Chromium Oxide and Titanium Dioxide were mixed to the ration when they were prepared, with 0.8 kg of markers (Cr₂O₃ and TiO₂) to every 100 kg of diet. Each pig received an average of 0.8% of each marker (TiO₂ and Cr₂O₃) daily with the feed during the whole experimental period. Table 2 describes the chemical composition of the diets for the ratio of 100% DM* of the experimental diets.

The determination of the apparent digestibility of the diets was carried out through the traditional method of feces Total Collection and using the external marker of digestibility LIPE® according to [5] , Chromium according to [6] , and Titanium according to [7] , and Short et al. 1996; through calculations and laboratory analyses. The experimental period was 12 days, 7 days for adjustment

*Vitamined mineral Premix per kg of product: vit. A, 2,000,000 UI; vit. D₃, 300,000 UI; vit. E, 5000 mg; vit K₃, 625 mg; vit. B₁, 250 mg; vit. B₂, 1000 mg; vit. B₆, 500 mg; vit. B₁₂, 5000 mcg; Nicotinic acid, 625 mg; Nelenium, 125 mg; Biotin, 12.5 mg; Antioxidant, 30,000 mg; e vehicle q.s.p., 1000 g, Pantotenic acid 2500 mg; Folic acid 150 mg; Choline 60,000 mg; vit. C 12,500 mg; Metionin 25,000 mg; Threonine 10,000 mg; Tripsin. 5000 mg; 125 mg Selenium, Iodine 200 mg, 125 mg Cobalt, Iron 17,500 mg; 100,000 mg Lysine; 5000 mg Copper, Manganese 10,000 mg; 20,000 mg Zinc; Tylosin 11,000 mg; 500 mg BHT.

*DM: Dry matter.

*Pre dried matter: PDM = (weight of wet feces) − (pre-dried fecal weight) × 100.

*Dry matter: Moisture = 100 − MS105 C.

*Total dry matter: TDM = (DM 105˚C/100) × (MPS/100).

*Fecal Output (FO).

*Dry matter intake (DMI) = DM Ingested.

*Dry matter digestibility (DMD).

*FO = DMI × (1 – DMD).

*DMI = FO/(1 − DMD).

*DMD = 1 − (FO/DMI).

*(Dry Matter Digestibility) DMD (%) = Ingested DM − DM Fecal × 100.

*Dry matter digestibility (DMD).

*FO = DMI × (1 – DMD).

*DMI = FO/(1 − DMD).

*DMD = 1 − (FO/DMI).

*(Dry Matter Digestibility) DMD (%) = Ingested DM − DM Fecal × 100.

DM Ingested.

The calculations of concentration of starch were made directly by the software in the apparatus, both the device Partica and FTIR.

The quantification of the starch was performed by instrumental techniques Partica Horiba LA 950®, and by FTIR software from Varian Resolutions ®800 and compared to the reference technique (enzyme analysis) in a randomized non-parametric statistical method of Dunn (p < 0.05) for comparing the Friedman test groups (p > 0.05). Medians in the same column used the Kruskal-Wallis test (p > 0.05).

Statistical analysis of the determination of starch was by instrumental techniques Partica (technique 1) Horiba LA 950, and by FTIR (technique 2) software from Varian Resolutions® 800 compared with the reference techniqueenzyme analysis (technique 3). A completely randomized design with split plots was made. The plots were the diets and subplots were enzymatic techniques, FTIR and Partica with 5 repetitions (animal) per treatment.

The data were subjected to analysis of variance using the statistical package SAEG version 9.0 [11] , and means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability of error.

3. Results and Discussion

In Table 3, it shows the starch percentage in each technique and in each diet.

The starch concentration technique determined with the Partica yielded results closer to the ones obtained through the calculations according to the usage of literature data.

The starch quantifying technique with the Partica equipment was similar to the enzymatic technique and in accordance with the calculated starch in the diet, however the technique by the FTIR apparatus was different from technical reference data, thereby overestimating the concentration of starch in the diet.

There was no statistical difference between the techniques evaluated. However it is visible that the value of the starch concentration was overestimated by the FTIR technique when compared to the Partica and reference method.

Within each diet there was statistical difference for the techniques evaluated. In Diet 1, only technique 2 was similar to the technique 1, and technique 3 was different from the reference method, but was statistically equal to technique 2.

On Diet 2 both techniques tested 2 and 3, were statistically equal to the reference method, but different between themselves.

In Diet 3, technique 3 was statistically different from the reference method, however equal to technique 2.

In Table 4, it shows the starch digestibility by each technique and in each diet. The results show that the Partica technique can be used to evaluate the digestibility

Averages followed by distinct lowercase letters in the same line represent statistical difference by the Dunn method (p < 0.05) for group comparisons in the Friedman test (p > 0.05).

CV = 4.39%. Different lower case letters in the column sandupper case in the rows differ statistically by the Tukey test at 5% probability.

of the starch in the diet 1 and diet 3, with respect to enzymatic technique, but it is not recommended to assess digestibility of starch in Diet 2. However, the FTIR technique can be used to evaluate the digestibility of the starch in the diets 2 and 3. It is not recommended to evaluate the digestibility of starch in the diet 1 compared to the reference technique, which is recommended to analyze all diets in this context.

4. Conclusions

The technique of the Partica was similar to the reference (method enzimatic) for quantification of starch in the diet, and also was similar to that calculated concentration of starch.

The starch digestibility by FTIR technique was similar to the enzymatic technique, for diet 2 and 3, demonstrating that the FTIR technique was better than the Partica technique, and may be suggested to replace the enzymatic technique to quantify starch.

Cite this paper

Nunes, A.N., Saliba, E.O.S., Fontes, D.O., Dell’Isola, A.T.P., de Souza, T.C.G.D., Campos, P., Nunes, E.P.R., Saliba, J.S. and Ferreira, L.R. (2017) Quantification and Determination of Starch in Diets Using Different Methodologies: Infrared Spectroscopy with Fourier Transformer, Laser Diffraction and Enzymatic Analysis. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 8, 151-157. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2017.82012

References