Received 27 March 2016; accepted 19 April 2016; published 22 April 2016

ABSTRACT

A new difunctional monomer N,N'-[bis(4,4'-hydroxypropyl methacrylate phenyl ester) pyromellitimide] (BHPMEPM), was synthesized by the reaction of the bis(4-carboxyphenyl)-N,N'-pyromelli- timide acid (diacid-diimide), and two molar equivalents of glycidylmethacrylate (GMA). The reaction was carried out by microwave radiation. The presence of difunctional groups, double bond groups, makes the monomer a potential material for obtaining thermosetting product. The curing and thermal stability of the crosslinked products were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The difunctional monomer and its thermoset polymer were characterized by FT-IR, ¹H-FT-NMR and CHN elemental analysis.

Keywords:

Microwave Radiation, Diacid-Diimide, Glycidylmethacrylate, Pyromellitimide, Poly(Ester-Imide), DSC, TG

1. Introduction

Due to their unique combination of properties like good dielectric strength and dimensional stability, Polyamides (PIs) as thermostats resins are constantly attract a wide interest [1] - [4] . As they are mainly used in the aerospace and electronic industries in the forms of films and moldings. Other uses for these polymers such as adhesives, composite matrices, coatings, foams, and gas separation membranes are rapidly increasing [5] - [11] . Most polyamides are insoluble in common organic solvents and intractable materials that do not melt before thermal decomposition and the reason behind that is their chain rigidity and strong interaction. To overcome this and increase processability, structural modification is done to increase the solubility in solvents or to decrease the melting temperatures. The chemical modifications of polyamides done by two different ways syntheses of poly(ester-imide)s with approachable transition temperatures [12] - [14] and poly(amid-imide)s with good solubility in a common solvent [15] [16] . To obtain polyesters there are two techniques which usually used first: interfacial polymerization reaction between dicarboxyliccid chlorides and diols; second: acid or phenyl ester exchange reaction of acetate or ester of the acids under critical conditions such as high temperature and reduced pressure. In these above techniques monomers like acid chlorides, acetates and esters should kept ready before polymerization [17] . Since many years ago, microwave technology played a vital role in synthesis of organic compounds and grasped wider attention. It is found to be rapid and more effective than routine methods of synthesis as it operates both microwave heating technology as well combinatorial chemistry applications [18] . By using microwave technology reactions are rapidly carried out and their products identified to be pure [19] . This paper is made to describe the microwave radiation auxiliary or help in synthesis of N,N'-[Bis(4,4'-hydroxypropyl methacrylate phenylester) pyromallitimide] (BHPMEPM), a novel monomer that possesses two polymerizable carbon-carbon double bonds, and its identification by FT-IR, NMR and elemental analysis. Its crosslinking polymerization, curing and thermal stability of the crosslinked product were also investigated by differential scanning and calorimetry and thermal analysis techniques.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials

4-Aminobenzoic acid (p-ABA, Fluka), pyromellitic dianhydride (PMD, Aldrich), glycidylmethacrylate (GMA, Aldrich), triethylbenzylammonium chloride (TEBAC, Fluka), were purchased as analytical grade products and used as received. Pyridine (py, Fluka), was dried over solid KOH and fractionally distillated, dimethylformamide (DMF), was dried over MgSO₄ followed by distillation under reduced pressure. All organic solvents were analytical grade products and were used as received or purified by distillation before use.

2.2. Measurements

¹H-NMR spectra were obtained on a 500 MHz FT-NMR spectrometer (Bruker Instruments, model Avance-III 500, Germany) at room temperature using DMSO-d6as a solvent and TMS as an internal standard. FT-IR spectra were obtained with a JASCO model FT/IR 4200 in the 4000 - 400 cm⁻¹ range on KBr pellets. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA and DSC) data were taken on a NETZSCH STA 449F3 System under N₂ atmosphere at a rate of 10˚C/min for DSC and TGA. Elemental analysis were performed with a Perkin-Elmer 2400 CHN analyzer.

2.3. Syntheses

The bifunctional monomer N,N'-[bis(4,4'-hydroxypropyl methacrylate phenyl ester) pyromellitimide] was synthesized in two steps from bis(4-4' carboxyphenyl)-N,N'-pyromellitimide acid (diacid-diimide) and glycidyl methacrylate (described below and shown in Scheme 1).

2.4. Bis(4-Carboxyphenyl)-N,N'-Pyromellitimide Acid (Diacid-Diimide)

This compound was prepared and characterized according to our previous works [20] .

2.5. Preparation of N,N'-[Bis(4,4'-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate Phenyl Ester) Pyromellitimide] (BHPMEPM)

Mixtures of 4.563 g (1 mmol) of diacid-diimide, 2.843 g (2 mmol) of GMA were located in 100 mL RBF provided with a condenser and a magnetic stirrer, overlayered with 50 mL dry DMF. The RBF was flashed with nitrogen and microwave irradiated (power input: 600 W) for 15 minutes. The small amount of unreacted diacid- diimide was removed from the reaction mixture by filtration. The effluent obtained was evaporated under reduced pressure to its half original volume and the viscous product precipitated by distilled water. The precipitate was filtered, washed twice with 100 mL warm distilled water and dried under vacuum at 45˚C for 48 h. Yield =

Scheme 1. Synthetic route of the compound BHPMEPM.

91%. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₈H₃₂N₂O₁₄: C, 61.61; H, 4.35; N, 3.83. Found: C, 61.56; H, 4.41; N, 3.87%. IR (KBr) 3476, 2891, 2954, 1780, 1725, 1375, 722, 1272, 1172, 1630, 1604, 1515, 1454 cm⁻¹. ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 7.54 - 8.49, 5.76 - 6.18, 5.48, 4.26, 3.65, 1.82 ppm.

2.6. The Curing of Monomer BHPMEPM

0.2 g of BHPMEPM was dissolved in 5 mL of DMSO at room temperature, the solution was cast on a quartz plate, and then dried in vacuo. The isolated monomer films were cured at 180˚C for 2 h, in vacuo. After curing, the film was used for the IR and TG.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis and Structure of Products

3.1.1. Monomer Synthesis

Diacid-diimide was synthesized from condensation reaction of aquimolar of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMD) with two aquimolar of p-amino benzoic acid (p-ABA) in a mixture of glacial acetic acid and pyridine using microwave irradiation.

The difunctional monomer N,N'-[bis(4,4'-hydroxypropyl methacrylatephenyl ester) pyromellitimide] (BHP- MEPM) was obtained through the reaction between aquimolar of bis(4-carboxyphenyl)-N,N'-pyromellitimide acid (diacid-diimide) and two aquimolar of glycidylmethacrylate (GMA) (Scheme 1).

The chemical structure of the bifunctional monomer BHPMEPM was confirmed by FT-IR, ¹HNMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. In the FT-IR spectrum (Figure 1), the characteristic absorption band of oxirane ring from GMA, located at 913 cm⁻¹ was absent and a sharp signal appeared at 3476 cm⁻¹ signifying an associated hydroxyl group, indicating that the reaction between epoxy ring and carboxylic proton has taken place. The absorption band specific to the ester group C=O is overlapped by the signal of the C=O group from imide ring and exhibited at 1725 cm⁻¹, the strong absorption due to the presence of cyclic imide linkages is shifted and located at 1780.9 cm⁻¹. The signal specific to C-O- group, is presented in the 1172 to 1272 cm⁻¹ range. The three signals located at 1454, 1515 and 1604 cm⁻¹ are assigned to the characteristic combined stretching and deformation of aromatic C=C bonds from bis(4-carboxyphenyl)-N,N'-pyromellitimide acid moieties. The absorption bands specific to CH, CH₂ and CH₃ from GMA moieties are observed at 2954 cm⁻¹ and the signal specific to double bonds for methacrylic is located at 1629 cm⁻¹.

Further characterization was performed with ¹H NMR. In ¹H NMR spectrum (Figure 2), the specific absorption bands characteristic to epoxy group at 2.6 and 2.8 ppm were not observed, but the signal specific to the new secondary OH group centered at 5.48 ppm appeared, indicating that the addition of the carboxylic group to the epoxy group was completed. The methacrylic double bonds are located at 5.76 and 6.18 [21] and those ten aromatic protons due to diacid-diimide moieties observed at 7.52 - 8.30 ppm chemical shift range.

3.1.2. Chemical and Thermal Analysis of the Cured Resins

The thermal behavior of the polymerization reaction of bifunctional monomer BHPMEPM was monitored by DSC scanning. The thermogram of the BHPMEPM is presented in (Figure 3).

It can be noticed that BHPMEPM shows one reaction exotherm depending on the reactivity of methacrylic two double bonds.

The curing reaction starts at around 163˚C with a maximum of the exothermic peak at 180.2˚C. At about 195˚C, the curing is complete where the absence of exotherm indicates no post curing. The difunctional monomer BHPMEPM was crosslinked under 180˚C for 2.0 h to give the thermoset resin (Scheme 2).

Figure 4 represents the IR spectrum of the crosslinked product, the absence of the signal of CH₂=C at 1629 cm⁻¹ indicates the occurrence of the methacrylic double bond polymerization. Also, the absorption due to the presence of other functional groups are exhibited at their characteristic absorption bands with small shifting.

Scheme 2. Probable crosslinking mechanism of BHPMEPM.

The thermal stability and thermal degradation behavior of the cured bifunctional monomer BHPMEPM were examined by analysis of the thermogravimetric (TG-DTG) curve (Figure 5).

The TG of cured monomer BHPMEPM has typical pattern of thermograms, involved three steps of weight loss from 25˚C to 800˚C. The first weight loss for cured product was observed from 230˚C to 386˚C with 37.47% loss weight. The second weight loss for the polymer occurred at the temperature range from 452.9˚C to 571.3˚C with 16.14% loss weigh. Finally, the third weight loss for the polymer occurred at the temperature range from 571.3˚C to 730˚C with 12.47% loss weigh. This result is comparable with the thermal analysis of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) which undergoes one step of weight loss, between 140 and 450˚C [22] [23] , proves the structure of the bifunctional monomer BHPMEPM and the effect of the pyromellitimide moieties in the increasing of the thermal stability of poly (glycidyl methacrylate). Also the TG scheme shows the temperature of 10% weight loss (T10) and the temperature of 50% weight loss (T50) are at 356˚C and 473˚C respectively.

3.2. Solubility and Viscosity

The polymer shows good solubility in aprotic polar solvents such as NMP, DMAc, DMF, and DMSO, while insoluble with common organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, acetone and benzene. The polymer had good transparency and its inherent viscosity (η inh) is 0.82 dL/g.

4. Conclusion

The diacid-diimide was used as a building block of poly(imide-ester) by its reaction with glycidylmethacrylate to produce a new bifunctional monomer. The structure of this monomer was confirmed by FT-IR, ¹H FT-NMR, and elemental analysis. The curing reaction of this bifunctional monomer was monitored by DSC scanning which shows that one reaction exotherm represents the crosslinking cured product depending on the reactivity of methacrylic two double bonds with a maximum of the exothermic peak at 180.2˚C. The cured product shows good thermal properties and good solubility in aprotic polar solvents. The crosslinked products can be used as moulding compounds and encapsulating materials in electric or electronic industry.

Cite this paper

Habib Saedi, (2016) Synthesis and Polymerization of N,N'-[Bis(4,4'-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate Phenylester) Pyromellitimide] Thermoset Polymer by Microwave Irradiation. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science,06,183-189. doi: 10.4236/aces.2016.62019

References