ABSTRACT

The development of electric and hybrid automobiles has gained momentum with the growth of interest in the field of miniaturization of electrode materials. In particular, technologies that improve the electrical property of stainless steel, while maintaining corrosion resistance, are gaining interest in terms of maintaining specific resistivity. The study on metal doping in diamond-like carbon coating is currently in progress to enhance the characteristics of conductivity and corrosion resistance with excellent properties such as corrosion resistance and lubrication coating. It is the process of using Cr arc with DLC coating to actuate AEGD. The change of I(D)/I(G) (Graphite peak (G) and disordered bond peak (D)) ratio and G-peak position in Cr-containing DLC film causes graphitization and thus lowers the basic electric resistance. Simultaneous input of nitrogen gas leads to deposition of CrN by a specific ratio of Cr and N in the DLC coating, and the nitrogen atoms replace hydrogen in bonding to increase the sp³ bond structure in the DLC film, in which CrN is not deposited, to result in specific resistivity of a specific value or less.

Keywords:

Cr(N)-C:H Film, Nitrogen Doping, Graphitic Carbon, Electrical Resistivity, Plasma CVD, Arc Enhanced Glow Discharge (AEGD)

1. Introduction

In response to the demand for lightweight electrode materials and miniaturization of electrode materials, attempts to raise electric efficiency and improve output by using stainless steel sheets instead of graphite materials to reduce resistance against power loss due to the passing of gases, while lowering the volume are being made, and achievements in this field has spurred the development of hybrid automobiles [1] [2] [3] .

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films possess valuable properties, such as smoothness, high lubrication chemical inertness, and extreme hardness. And, it is well known that the a-C:H films fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using hydrocarbon sources show very high electrical resistivity of over 10⁸ Ω-cm.

Therefore, conductive DLC is emerging as a surface treatment technology that can maintain the corrosion resistance of stainless steel, while maintaining the consistent surface resistance of stainless steel that can be used in PEMFC and separators.

Accordingly, researchers are showing interest in nano-crystalline carbon coating or coating that forms metal and carbide mixtures in many application studies, and research is being conducted on conductive DLC coating [4] [5] .

Stainless steel separators have advantages as they are used as electrode materials of automobile fuel cells in terms of anti-corrosiveness, lower gas permeability, flexibility and cost-effectiveness. It has the problem of reduced conductivity due to the thickness of the oxidization layer with self-protective features in the oxidization and corrosive atmosphere that stainless steel is placed in. The interfacial ohmic loss between the metallic separator and membrane electrode decreases the overall power output of PEMFCs due to the corrosion of metallic surface [6] [7] .

Among methods, focus fell on nano-crystalline carbon coating due to its chemical inertness and conduction properties that involve metal DLC (Me-C:H) films formed by a hybrid system that compromised between plasma CVD and arc-enhanced glow discharge. Firstly, Ti-containing DLC deposited on stainless steel plates has recorded values of resistivity under 10 mΩ-cm. However, Ti-C:H films exhibit insufficient corrosion resistance of over 10 μA/cm² for the passivation region in solutions of sulfuric acid used to simulate the PEMFC environment [8] [9] [10] [11] .

The Cr-C:H has excellent resistance against corrosion and therefore displays low corrosion current values even in sulfuric acid solutions. However, Cr-C:H, showed poor electrical properties such as having resistance in excess of 10 mΩ-cm. Thus, research was conducted on enhancing the two properties of corrosion resistance and specific resistivity using the nitrogen doping technique. This supplied the surplus electrons and increased the density of the current [4] [12] .

This study focused on understanding the mechanism of chemical inertness and the electrical resistivity of nitrogen-doped Cr-C:H films deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and arc-enhanced glow discharge (AEGD). With these issues in mind, fabrications of nitrogen-doped Cr- C:H films and analyses of their characteristics were carried out.

2. Experimental Procedure

2.1. Preparation of Cr(N)-C:H Films

The fabrication method is a hybrid system of PECVD with AEGD for enhancing the plasma state. An anodic electrode is installed on the opposite side of the cathode arc source. A negative arc current is supplied to the cathode target, and a positive voltage is applied to the anode. For metal containing hydrocarbon film deposition, a negative pulsed bias is applied to the substrates in mixed reactive gases. This auxiliary glow discharge method could produce more effective ionization and dissociation caused by the collision of electrons in the plasma. And those ions move onto the substrates which have negative potential. This hybrid system leads to a high energetic collision of excited species on the substrates.

The substrates prepared were type austenitic stainless steel (JIS-SUS316) and a Si(100) wafer. For the corrosion tests, the stainless steel specimen had a diameter of 15 mm. The substrates were ultrasonically cleaned with acetone and ethanol for 20 min. Before deposition, the substrates were cleaned using Ar plasma for 60 min. Following plasma cleaning, the Cr interlayer was deposited to improve the adhesion of the films to the substrate.

The Cr(N)-C:H films continued Cr arc coating to flow the current on the anode electrode in the opposite side of Cr arc target. Deposition was achieved with a uni-polar pulse plasma (−800 V, 50 kHz, duty cycle 70%). During the arc-enhanced glow discharge, the cathode arc current was 60 A and the process pressure was 1Pa. The anode electrode current was 30 A. The shutter was installed in front of the arc target to prevent contamination of the film by micro and macro particles.

At the same time, amounts of the Ar is 40 sccm, CH₄ is 120 sccm, and N₂ is 0 - 60 sccm gases were supplied according to the relevant variable.

The deposition rate of Cr(N)-C:H films were a slight decline with increase of nitrogen gas flow rate in Figure 1, (a) is 810 nm/h at N₂ 0 sccm, (b) is 803 nm/h at N₂ 20 sccm, (c) is 644 nm/hat N₂ 40 sccm and (d) is 540 nm/hat N₂ 60 sccm.

Since the deposition thickness varied according to amount of added nitrogen along with Figure 1, it was set to form 1 mm thick coating and it was formed at 60 - 90 minutes. The substrate temperature rose to 150˚C during deposition.

Experimental details are shown in Table 1.

2.2. Characterization of Cr(N)-C:H Films

The specific resistance was measured by a four-point probe (CMT-SR1000N). To determine the corrosion resistance of the films, the potentio-dynamic polarization was measured in a hydrogen-blown solution of 1 mole of H₂SO₄ containing 2 ppm fluorine at 80˚C. The chemical compositions and bonding states of the Cr(N)-C:H films were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (Multilab 2000, Thermo) with a monochromatic Al kα X-ray radiation (1486.7 eV) and Raman spectroscopy (LabRamHR) equipped with an Ar laser with a wavelength of 514.4 nm. The deposition rate and surface morphology of the films were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SIRION-400). The micro structure of the films was examined by the XRD with a 1.540Å Cukα line and diffractometer system (X’PERT-PRO).

3. Results and Discussion

The fabrication of nitrogen-doped Cr-C:H films was carried out by the variation of the partial pressure of nitrogen controlled by nitrogen flow rates from zero to 60 sccm, when the working pressure was kept at 1 Pa. As shown in Figure 2(a) and Figure 2(b), the Cr-C:H film and Cr(N)-C:H film doped with a nitrogen concentration of 6.1at.% showed excellent properties for corrosion in potentio- dynamic polarization tests in sulfuric acid. The Cr-C:H film showed corrosion resistance superior to bare stainless steels, as shown in Figure 1(a). The low- concentration nitrogen-doped Cr(N)-C:H film also exhibited high corrosion resistance below 1 μA/cm² in the passivation region (Figure 2(b)). However, as the concentration of nitrogen increased, corrosion resistance reduced.

To explain this phenomenon, we examine the chemical bonding structure of the films. Table 2 shows the chemical compositions of the films determined by XPS analysis. As nitrogen concentrations increased to over 10 at% in the films, the anti-corrosiveness of the Cr(N)-C:H films decreased by N₂ 40 sccm as shown in Figure 2(b). In contrast, the carbon concentrations decreased from 95 to 84 at% with varying nitrogen gas flow rate.

In addition, depending on the change of concentration of nitrogen gas, there was a phenomenon where the components of Cr and O would change within Cr-C:H. When the nitrogen gas content was doped in excess of 40 sccm in the process, nitrogen concentration within the Cr-C:H film was 10 at%, Cr was 10 at%, and O was 2.4 at%, showing the chemical make-up ratio of each element.

In this study, Figure 3 shows to the saturation phenomenon in the specific resistivity measurement value from the four-point probe according to nitrogen gas concentration. Likewise, it is shown in Figure 4 that it is proportional to the change curve of C-N, C=N ratio. The goal for electrical resistivity in the Cr-C:H film was not reached.

However, as Cr-C:H films were doped by nitrogen, electrical resistivity dramatically decreased.

Figure 3 shows the specific resistance of the Cr(N)-C:H film. The specific resistance was measured below 1mΩ-cm at a nitrogen flow rate of 20sccm using the four point probe.

There is a case of measuring the Cr-C:H film with the Cathodic-arc activated deposition (CAAD) method while adding the nitrogen and hydrocarbon gas (C₂H₂) in varying ratios. This test reported that the content of the sp3 C-N bond and the sp² C=N bond in the Cr-C:H film was low except when the ratio of nitrogen in the additive was high.

On the other hand, the a-C:H film containing nitrogen (N) is well known to be highly conductive because of extra electrons. However, the film stability is low because of poor corrosion resistance [13] .

The PECVD-AEGD hybrid coating method used in this study ensures that Cr is contained in the DLC coating quickly using PECVD and arc coating. Moreover, the study selected the process using additional anode electrode to easily form C-N and C=N bonds in the coating layer through atomization of N₂ with high ionization energy.

The specific resistivity dramatically decreased following the addition of nitrogen compared with the Cr-C:H films (13 mΩ-cm). While there are tendencies for corrosion resistance to rise through chromium coating as an outcome of Cr-C:H coating, it has very high the specific resistivity.

However, changes in resistivity were observed when adding in crystalloid through the ionization of nitrogen during arc-ionized chromium coating and electric current flow with AEGD which came as a solution to the problem of conductivity.

The AEGD coating is the process used to reduce the coating period by rapidly increasing the temperature of large metallic material.

Using the AEGD method, different shapes of electrode are fabricated according to purpose and applied in process systems.

This study used an auxiliary electrode to apply the high current of around 30A for ionization of gas around the coating test piece to ionize the nitrogen gas the ionization of which is difficult.

In Figure 4(a), The N1s peaks of the Cr(N)-C:H films were fitted to the C-N (398.7 eV), C=N (400.5 eV), and N-O (402.1 eV) bonds. Among them in Figure 4(b), Carbon and nitrogen bonds were related to the electrical properties due to the C-N peak volume fractions that were similarly increased [14] [15] . At this moment, C=N fractions decreased. Following the increase in the partial pressure of nitrogen, the C-N bond fraction increased. This was caused by nitrogen combining with carbon in the hydrocarbon matrix. The surplus electrons in the C-N bond act as donors in the carbon matrix. They subsequently charge carriers formed in the film and decrease the specific resistivity by N₂ 40 sccm below.

As shown by the Raman spectra in Figure 5(a), the D-peak of the Cr(N)-C:H films in which the partial pressure of nitrogen was showed slightly difference as a result of the increase in nitrogen concentrations. Figure 5(b) shows that the positions of G-peaks were about 1565 cm⁻¹, with slight shift towards a higher wave number. The D-peak’s intensity to G-peak’s intensity (I(D)/I(G)) ratios increased from 0.7 to 1.3. In relation to the Cr(N)-C:H films, the G-peak position and the I(D)/I(G) ratio changed as a result of the increase in nitrogen concentrations in the hydrocarbon matrix. Raman spectroscopy studies of Cr-C:H films have shown that G-peaks shift slightly toward a higher wave number and that the I(D)/I(G) ratio increases in accordance with the rise in the number. This means that the disordered carbon clustering in the films increases with nitrogen doping [16] [17] [18] .

Also, it is consistent with the G-peak position value of Figure 5, indicating that nitrogen gas in excess of a certain level is not involved in the Cr-C:H membrane structure. One of the reasons is that the Me-C:H films are filled by graphitic carbon and metal composites. The graphitic carbons are conductors due

to hopping in the π state by the carriers. The metal or composite are intrinsic conductive materials. Since these types of materials connect to each other, carriers in films move well which is known as percolation. However, this specific resistivity is limited. But with the introduction of nitrogen in the films, the resistivity was dramatically decreased. This phenomenon cannot be clearly explained by the percolation theory. So, we propose that the surplus electrons of carbon and nitrogen bonds could be responsible for the conduction.

For more detailed investigation of the corrosion characteristics, C1s peaks were deconvoluted by the Gaussian multi-curve fitting in Figure 6(a). The sp² (284.5 ± 0.1 eV) and sp³ (285.2 ± 0.1 eV) bonds were mainly fitted. In addition,

C-CO (285.2 ± 0.1eV), C-O/C-N bonds (286.1 ± 0.3 eV), and C=O/C=N bonds (287.2 ± 0.1 eV) were present in the Cr(N)-C:H films [9] [10] . However, the metallic carbide peak as Cr-C bonds (283.2 ± 0.1 eV) was very small.

Figure 6(b) shows the volume fraction of sp² and sp³ bond of C1s peaks. The volume fraction analysis revealed that the sp² carbon bond fraction decreased from 62% to 43% when the nitrogen concentrations increased. The sp³ bond fraction increased from 25% to 35% in the same conditions. Through the analysis of C1s peaks, for a volume fraction of sp² bond of over 56%, the corrosion resistance was high but decreasing sp² bond and increasing sp³ bond reduced the anti-corrosion property.

The Cr-C:H films consisted of noble graphitic carbon, anti-corrosive hydrocarbon, and a smaller amount of chromium incorporated into the carbon matrix. We thought that the presence of graphite-like carbon such as sp² bond mainly contributed to reducing galvanic corrosion. Also, incorporation of chromium in the matrix decreased the corrosiveness. The incorporation of metal in the carbon matrix prevented the dissolution of metals and charge exchanges from the surface in a corrosive atmosphere [19] . The noble graphitic carbon and incorporation of metals in the films enhanced the chemical stability as the corrosion potential moves positive by restriction of galvanic corrosion under electrochemical reaction.

By the Gaussian fitting of Cr2p1 and Cr2p3 peaks, chromium, chromium nitride, and chromium oxide were detected in the films. In the Cr-C:H films, chromium mainly remained in the metallic state and not as metal composites. The low-concentration doped Cr-C:H film showed a metal-rich state and high- concentration doped Cr-C:H films were changed to chromium-nitride-rich films.

In Figure 2(b), the nitrogen concentration of 6.1-at.%-doped (N₂ 20 sccm) Cr(N)-C:H films showed a high corrosion resistance, and that of the high- concentration doped films were reduced. This increasing corrosiveness at high- concentration nitrogen concentrations of over 10 at% were related to the decreasing sp² volume fraction. The increasing sp³ bond was caused by -C-C:H or -C-C:N species and the formation of composites such as carbide, nitride, and oxide in films. Through nitrogen doping, the sp³ bonds increase, and the appearance of chromium composites in the films deteriorated the corrosion properties.

These explanations for the corrosion behavior are not exact with regard to the role of metal and graphitic carbon. Further research on the role played in corrosion by graphitic carbon and metal incorporation is needed.

Figure 7 shows the XRD pattern of the films with varying nitrogen flow rates. The presence of amorphous structure at low partial pressure of nitrogen in the gas mixture means that chromium retained metallic incorporation or nano-sized polycrystalline composites in the matrix. However, when the nitrogen flow rate surpassed 40 sccm, nitride and chromium oxide were present at low concentrations in the Cr(N)-C:H films.

According to the composition in Table 2, there was no significant change in XRD analysis when the Cr:N ratio was less than 1:2.77. However, XRD deposition was visible when the Cr:N ratio was 1:3 in the case of N₂ 20 sccm. In that case, the corrosion resistance deteriorated when the deposition was visible even at the corrosion potential value in Figure 2(b).

The experimental consequence of this study led ionization of Cr arc coating process and increased rate of graphitization in the DLC film by applying the high energy by AEGD to Cr ions at the same time. As the result, the specific re- sistivity decreased from about 13 mW level to below 1 mW level as shown in N₂ 0 sccm in Figure 3. While the addition of nitrogen affected the change of I(D)/I(G) ratio, it contributed to the increased sp³ structure of nitrogen bonding

in the position of hydrogen, i.e. transformation of ?C-C-H to ?C-C-N, more than the electric resistance of graphitization DLC film formed through high energy Cr ionization by AEGD.

4. Conclusions

1) The Cr(N)-C:H was formulated using a hybrid method of PECVD and AEGD. Although the graphitization, which is the process of high energy Cr by arc and AEGD affecting the coating film to increase the I(D)/I(G) ratio, significantly affected the increase of electric conductivity and affected the increase of I(D)/ I(G) ratio when the nitrogen existed in the sp³ structure, the electric conductivity saturated to a specific value.

2) The Cr-C:H film that does not contain nitrogen gas showed outstanding corrosion resistance compared to the stainless steel raw material. However, the Cr-C:H(N) film that was formed according to the nitrogen gas content rapidly lowered the specific resistivity value, and the cluster form in the I(D)/I(G) ratio was observed according to nitrogen content. The XPS analysis confirmed that the significant amount of sp³ C-N bond and sp² C=N bond is formed in the film.

3) While the deposition, the CrN phase was invisible in X-ray diffraction pattern when the Cr:N ratio was 1:2.77 or less, it was visible when the ratio was 1:3. In that case, there was decrease of the specific resistivity and increase of the corrosion current simultaneously. As the result of such formation, the electric resistance rapidly decreased at 20 sccm of N₂ gas and then was saturated at 40 and 60 sccm.

Cite this paper

Cho, Y.-K., Lee, J.-H., Okumiya, M. and Kim, S.-G. (2017) The Effect of Nitrogen Gas Flow Rate on the Cr-Containing DLC (Diamond-Like Carbon) Coating by AEGD Hybrid-CVD Coating Process. Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry, 7, 198-211. https://doi.org/10.4236/ampc.2017.75016

References