ABSTRACT

MSW wastes depositing on a landfill in accordance with the national environment protection legislation means a (msw) waste conglomerate which generates greenhouse effect gas, especially CH₄ on an active lifetime of the deposit, but, in the same time, after the waste depositing quit too. As a consequence it is absolutely necessary to estimate gas emission quantities, mainly CH₄ annually. This thing can be done by quantitative waste degraded estimation, annually also. This paper describes the adequate technique to be used for the -m- parameters values establishing having in mind that -m- represents the number of months when a certain quantity of msw is degraded, annually, during the lifetime of the msw deposit (landfill). Nevertheless the establishing of the -m- values means, in fact, set up of the msw landfill NOMOGRAMA itself. The wastes agglomeration on a landfill can be expressed through a mathematical equation, whose analyze lead to the -m- values establishing. The waste (msw) will be degraded in time under the specific environmental factors of every region.

Keywords:

Municipal Solid Waste (msw), Wastes Degradation, Mathematical Equation, Conglomerate, Nomograme

1. Introduction

The anthropic activities regarding the msw deposit management are subjected and are generators of greenhouse effect gas, especially CH₄ having potentially hazardous effects over the environment and especially on climate, as well. There are really concerns on the temperature rising, globally, due to the anthropic activities and it is provided that, up to 2020, Member States of UNFCCC-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [1] will have to reduce the global warming with at least 1.5˚C.

The diminishing measures are in accordance with DOHA agreements and amendments of the Kyoto Protocol provisions [2] and are referring to the 2013 ¸ 2020 period. These measures open the way for a new global climate changes agreement having the goal―a great global diminishing of the greenhouse gas effect to be mandatory by the year 2020.

It is well known that, through DOHA modification and agreements on the Kyoto Protocol [3] , 38 developed countries agreed that the greenhouse gas effect will be minimum 18% with respect to the 1990 year level.

Within the new global climate agreement stated in Paris [4] a new action plan for global warming limitation was approved and this is more under 2˚C, for the 2020 ¸ 2030 period.

With respect to the msw wastes which have been eliminated through depositing after sorting, researchers from different countries are looking to find out a calculus relation (formula) in order to be able to estimate, quantitatively, the greenhouse gas emission CH₄, particularly. The formula will be applied both for conforming and nonconforming wastes deposits (landfills) [5] .

Degree of uncertainty is great due to the various climate conditions, cultural diversification as well as the diversification of waste types and increasing of generated wastes quantity.

Within the present article (paper) I’m applying for a new concept regarding the management of msw wastes stated that the time is the main factor to establish the moment when wastes are completely degraded.

In spite of the fact that the calendaristic year is the reference year in the msw wastes management, the complete waste degradation, up to DOC, doesn’t happen within depositing year.

A certain waste quantity is degraded, annually, in accordance with the -m- parameter, the number of months stated at the calculation year -A_T. The -m- value doesn’t depend on the msw eliminated quantity when depositing but generate the degraded quantity or taken into consideration [6] .

So, the eliminated waste quantities while depositing is an interesting factor and this information should be a mandatory one to be obtained through periodical checking or estimative calculus.

Upon information given in this article it is not a way to make a parallel with the existing practice [5] but the goal is to give the -m- parameter establishing methodology at the calculus year -A_T, and setting up the deposit NOMOGRAMA.

With regard the composition establishing of different types of wastes incorporated within main body of deposit such information can be taken from the reference [6] .

In accordance with the provision of the European Directive 1999/31/CE [7] the msw wastes incorporated within the deposit (landfill) body, after sorting, are degraded up to DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) under the environmental factors action.

The problem of waste disposal (msw), seen from the perspective of agglomeration and the formation of a conglomerate [6] , can be treated by mathematical equations [6] .

2. Establishing the Equation of a Deposit (msw)

We shall start from the expression to be remembered is “If 7 is added to 3 times a natural number the same result is obtained as when this number is reduced from 13” [8] .

This statement lead to the equation $3x+7=13-x$ , where x is the variable [8] , $x\in N$ .

Considering that waste (msw) degrades in time but is stored (quantitatively) in the body of the landfill, daily, monthly, or annually, we can speak of the time equation for a landfill (msw) of

$3t+7=13-t$ . (1))

Respectively: if 7 accumulate at 3 times the time of stationing a quantity of municipal waste (msw) on a site, the same result is obtained when a time (expressed in months -m-) of number 13 is obtained.

In the first year of storage, waste degradation (msw) is incipient so that, m = 0, [6] .

The equation will make sense if the waste degradation is considered to be made annually depending on the life of each [9] type of waste (msw) and the degradation time (t) will be expressed in months -m-.

In the case of an active municipal waste disposal (msw) one we can speak of a calendaristic year -A_C (starts on January the 1^st, ending on December 31) and one year of calculation -A_T (shorter by 6 months (between 01.07 and 31.12) remain undegraded).

The equations containing -m- parameter are:

Equation (2) $Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}=\left[Q_{\text{msw}.T}+Q_{\text{msw}.T-1}\right]\ast \left[1-\exp \left(-Kt\right)\right],\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] and

Equation (3) $Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}=\left[Q_{\text{msw}.T}+Q_{\text{mswundegrad}.T-1}\right]\ast \left[1-\exp \left(-Kt\right)\right],\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

The expression where -m-appears is: $\left(1-{\text{e}}^{-K\left(\frac{25-m}{12}\right)}\right)$ and $\left(1-{\text{e}}^{-K\left(\frac{13-m}{12}\right)}\right)$

where:

t-(time) expressed in months -m- in which degrading up to 45% of the wastes (msw) deposited or taken into account; -m- is a natural number, so $m\in N$ .

At the time equation we can see:

・t-time cannot be measured in years; waste (msw) degrades annually but is stored on a daily basis;

・t-time cannot be measured in number of hours or number of days.

The only unit of measure for t-time, in the case of municipal deposits (msw) is the number of months, denoted -m-.

So every year -A_T-, in a number of months -m-, a quantity of waste (msw) stored in the body of the deposit will be degraded.

I have stated (see the above) that x is the variable, so, consequently, -m- is the variable:

$m\in N$ . It is established that $7\le m\le 18$ .

The time equation for a municipal waste disposal (msw) after the first year storage can be written, generally as follows:

$\left(3+\left(8n\right)\right)t+7=\left(\left(12n\right)+13\right)-t$ , (2)

where:

・n = first year of calculation after the 2^nd year of waste disposal (msw)

・t (time)-number of months -m-, value set at the calculation year -A_T, when degraded up to 45% of the waste stored or taken into account.

The following Figure 1, presents the simulation composition of a non-ha- zardous municipal wastes disposal (msw)―the mixed wastes deposited within its body.

It is to be noted that the calendar year of depositing starts on January the 1^st and ends in the last day of the year, December, 31. It is so called the calendaristic year-A_C.

Calculus regarding the CH₄ emission is processed after the A_C is ended, usually in the first month of the year. This is the so called the calculus year -A_T and for this reason appears the value m = 7. So, this has to be considered that $A_C\ne A_T$ .

Within an operational (msw) deposit, the collected mixed wastes are degraded at the year A_C, but at the calculus year A_T, it is to be considered that deposited (msw) wastes in the last 6 months, e.g. July, 1^st ¸ December 31^st, are not degraded.

3. m-Values Setting-Up Technique

To set-up the -m- values I used the following temporal equation:

$3t+7=13-t$ (1)

This equation can be applied to the non-hazardous mixed deposited wastes.

Some consideration related to the information generated by the Equation (1):

This is an equation which have the solution: $t=3/2$ , where t is expressed by m-number of months, annually stated, in which maximum 45% of the wastes deposited taken into consideration are degraded.

This solution carried-out incorrect information because:

・ (msw) mixed wastes deposited are degraded within a year and a half, which is not correctly;

・ (msw) mixed wastes deposited are degraded within a period of 18 months, which is not correctly also.

The temporal Equation (2) gives us the equations for the followings depositing years, after the first year of deposit.

After the depositing year 2, but the first year of calculation, the equation has the form:

$11t+7=25-t$ (2-1)

n = 1, year of calculation, $A_T\ne A_C$ ;

For the 3 rd year of storage, n = 2, year of calculation, $A_T\ne A_C$ , the equation is the form:

$19t+7=37-t$ , (2-2),

The same procedure for the following deposited years.

In all cases the equation has, from the mathematical point of view, the same unique solution:

$t=3/2$

4. The Analyze of the Equation Terms

The free term, on the right part, deliver the information, as following:

・ In the first year, according to the Equation (1), the waste (msw) depositing took place in 12 months + 1 month necessary for calculus, data collection and information;

・ In the second year, according to the Equation (2-1), the waste (msw) depositing took place in 24 months + 1month necessary for calculus, data collection and information;

・ In the third year, according to the Equation (2-2), the waste (msw) depositing took place in 36 months + 1 month necessary for calculus, data collection and information;

・ In the fourth year, according to the Equation (2-3), the waste (msw) depositing took place in 48 months + 1 month necessary for calculus, data collection and information;

and so on.

t―Coefficient from the left size of the equation:

Generating, the number of months -m- (approximately) necessary for the (msw) mixed wastes deposited and its degradation at the calculus year A_T, after dividing by number 7.

Examples:

・ $3t+7=13-t$ , (Equation (1)), 3:7 = 0.43; conclusion: in the first year of depositing took place an insignificant degradation, and m = 0,

・ $11t+7=25-t$ , (Equation (2-1)), 1^st year of calculus, $A_T\ne A_C$ , 11:7 = 1.57; conclusion: m₁ = 7;

・ $19t+7=37-t$ , (Equation (2-2)), 2^nd year of calculus, $A_T\ne A_C$ ,19:7 = 2.7; conclusion: m₂ = 11;

・ $27t+7=49-t$ , (Equation (2-3)), 3^rd year of calculus, $A_T\ne A_C$ , 27:7 = 3.8; conclusion: m₃ = 14, and so on.

Finally, the (msw) wastes are deposited, taking into consideration the calendaristic months. At the calculus year A_T you have to subtract 7 months from calendaristic months because in the last 6 months +1, degradation of the wastes didn’t take place.

The (msw) wastes deposited within landfill body―a conglomerate of wastes, will be gradually degraded in accordance with the lifetime of every kind of waste.

The following Table 1 presents the lifetime of some msw wastes as is cited within specific literature [9] :

According to the IPCC expert group, t is expressed by m-number of months and belongs to a closed interval $7\le m\le 18$ and is independent by the quantity of mixed (msw) wastes deposited, much smaller one, deposited within -A_C. The degraded process depends by environmental factors.

m-the number of months, is not dependent by the msw waste quantity but give us the quantity of degraded wastes at the calculation year A_T. As a consequence, the msw waste quantity deposited, in every calendaristic year -A_C, have to be known, as valuable information.

The CH₄ emission starting to decrease after depositing of msw wastes ended [5] .

The proposed calculus relation and the algorithm one lead to the establishing of the year when CH₄emission quits.

At an active (msw) deposit, the mixed wastes degraded, at the year A_T took place both from the quantity of wastes deposited and, in the same time, from earlier years deposited amount.

For a (msw) landfill where wastes deposit is stopped, -m- will have the value 6, because A_T is identical with A_C, A_T º A_C.

The environmental condition from the year of calculus, -A_T. It is absolute necessary that:

${\sum }^{\text{}}0+m_1+m_2+\cdots +m_{n+1}\le \left[\left(12n\right)+13\right]-7$ ,

where:

・ 0 correspond to the first depositing year: the degradation isn’t significant;

・ $m_1,m_2,m_3,m_4,\cdots ,m_{n+1}$ are m values established at the year A_T;

・ n represent the number of the deposited year -A_C-, in fact the lifetime of the landfill;

・ 12―the number of months, calendaristic one;

・ 13 = 12 + 1, 12―First year of storage (12 months) and 1―the necessary month for calculus and information collection;

・ 7 Months, which has the following structure, 6 months + 1, period which belong to the interval 01.07 ¸ 31.12, when the wastes are considered not degraded at the year A_T.

A (msw) deposit (landfill) with mixed wastes, conforming or non-conforming, will have a starting year of depositing and a ended year of wastes depositing, both years starting and ending, being established by project, according to the national environmental authority decision or due to the external natural conditions (earthquakes, land sliding, floods, tornados, etc.) [10] .

As it shown earlier, the (msw) deposit NOMOGRAMA depend by the stated project condition.

As a consequence the project has to be accompanied by its NOMOGRAMA and, eventually by an equivalent graphic regarding the evolution of CO₂ according to the project data.

With referring to the amount of (msw) mixed wastes deposited at the year A_C, an important remark is necessary: at the year A_T the -m- values have to be established in accordance with the environmental conditions (draught, rainfall, freezing times, snow, etc.).

If the lifetime of a (msw) wastes deposit is 100 years, a NOMOGRAMA should be drawing up.

5. Checking Example

For the depositing year 4 (2003) we shall have:

${\sum }^{\text{}}0+m_1+m_2+m_3=30\le 42$ lead to the -m- value; m = 14 for the year 2003.

This is a correct -m- value because the sum:

Legend:・ first column:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6∙∙∙ 10∙∙∙ 13∙∙∙ years of storage for calendar years, calendar year-A_C, calculation years, -A_T: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6∙∙∙ 9∙∙∙ 11∙∙∙ 13∙∙∙ after each calendar year -A_C ended;・ The 2^nd column―the -m- value at the calculation year;・ The 3^rd column: n―the number of storage months corresponding to the years of calculation, $n\in N$ ;・ The calculation A_T equation year is generated by the Equation (2), where t is the time expressed by -m-number of degradation months having the value established at the calculation year -A_T.

$0+9+7+14\le 42$ ; 42 = 49 − 7, is according to the equation corresponding to the year 4 of depositing.

For the depositing year 7 (2006) we shall have:

${\sum }^{\text{}}0+m_1+m_2+m_3+m_4+m_5+m_6=66\le 78$ lead to the -m- value; m = 11 for the year 2006.

This is a correct -m- value because the sum:

$0+9+7+14+13+12+11\le 78$ ; 78 = 85−7, is in accordance with the equation corresponding to the year 7 of depositing.

In the Table 3 a NOMOGRAMA of Environmental Region 8 Bucharerst-Ilfov, years 2000 ¸ 2012, is presented Table 3 msw depositing years-deposited quantities. The NOMOGRAME of the landfill:

For the period 2013 ÷ 2016, the manager of the Chitila-Iridex landfill, the 8^th environmental region Bucuresti-Ilfov, sent the following information:

- At the year 2015, after 16 years of depositing 6.968 [Gg] of CH₄, [9 721 000 m³ ] respectively, there were collected;

- At the year 2016, after 17 years of depositing 5.790 [Gg] of CH₄, [8 077 600 m³] respectively, there were collected.

As a consequence, the calculated TDOC, by means of Equation (5) [6] , have to be increased by an aging coefficient, called msw Deposit Age Coefficient DAC₁₀, where 10 means that msw deposited has more than 10 years age.

Legend:・ 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003... etc., years of storage (depositing);・ quantities of msw waste stored, [Gg], within storage years;・m-number of months, values, in accordance with deposit NOMOGRAMA・ CH₄ [Gg], collected.

Explanation:

Within deposit body, under environmental factors action, some LFG or DOC bags can appears. If these bags are freed the quantity of CH₄ is considerably increased, starting with the year 10 of depositing -A_C, the TDOC [6] , calculated at the year A_T have to be increased, starting with this year 10, with 1.05 ¸ 1.055 or 5% ¸ 5.5%.

According to the NOMOGRAMA, the evolution of the greenhouse effect for the Chitila-Rudeni-Iridex landfill is presented in Figure 2.

You can see that CH₄ collecting led to the decreasing of the greenhouse effect.

A case study

For this case study I used information issued by the deposit manager regarding CH₄collected quantities/volumes of the deposited wastes for the years 2011 and 2012, as follows:

・ 2011- 7 500 000 m³, 5.640 [Gg];

・ 2012-7 470 000 m³, 5.355 [Gg];

For the years 2011 and 2012, the CH₄ emission is calculated as the difference between CH₄ generated [Gg], calculated and collected.

To carry out calculus, the Equation (1) [6] was used, as follows:

${\text{CH}}_{4\left(\text{Gg}/\text{year}\right)}=\left(Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}\right)\ast \left(\%{\text{TDOC}}_{\text{disolved}T}\right)\ast \left({\text{DOC}}_f\right)\ast \left(16/12\right)\ast \left(F\right)\ast \left(F_r\right)$ ,

Equation (1), [6]

where:

$Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}$ , [Gg], is the msw waste degraded quantity at the calculation year -A_T based on the -m- value, according to the earlier presented methodology.

For the estimation of $Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}$ , [Gg], la -A_T = 12(2011) 11 (see Table 2), the Equation (3) was used [6] :

$Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}=\left[Q_{\text{msw}.T}+Q_{\text{mswundegrad}.T-1}\right]\ast \left[1-\exp \left(-Kt\right)\right],\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ (3)

$Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2011}=\left[Q_{\text{msw}.2011}+Q_{\text{mswundegrad}.2010}\right]\ast \left[1-\exp \left(-Kt\right)\right],\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

where:

$Q_{\text{msw}.2011}=361.000\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ , msw deposited quantity within deposit body, at the year 2011,

$Q_{\text{mswundegrad}.2010}=496.989\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ , msw deposited quantity remained undegraded from the year 2010,

$\left(1-\exp \left(-Kt\right)\right)$ means $\left(1-{\text{e}}^{-K\left(\frac{25-m}{12}\right)}\right)$ , m = 7 (-m-establishing value at the

calculation year -A_T = 12(2011)11 have to fulfill 2 conditions:

1) $7\le m\le 18$ ,

2) ${\sum }^{\text{}}0+m_1+m_2+m_3+m_4+m_5+m_6+m_7+m_8+m_9+m_{10}+m_{11}\le \left(145-7\right)$ .

which means: ${\sum }^{\text{}}0+9+7+14+13+12+11+9+8+7+10+7\le 138$ , respective $107\le 138$

As a consequence:

$Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2011}=\left(361.000+496.989\right)\ast \left(1-{\text{e}}^{-K\left(\frac{25-m}{12}\right)}\right)\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ , for K = 0.4, [11]

and m = 7 the Equation becoming:

$Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2011}=\left(361.000+496.989\right)\ast \left(1-{\text{e}}^{-K\left(\frac{25-7}{12}\right)}\right)\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2011}=387.125\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$Q_{\text{mswundegrad}.2011}=\left(361.000+496.989\right)-387.125\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$Q_{\text{mswundegrad}.2011}=470.864\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

By using the formula shown below the percentage% of TDOC has been determined as:

$\%{\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}.T}=\left({\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}.T}\right)/\left(Q_{\text{mswtakenintoconsid}.T}\right)$ [6] [%], [12]

${\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}.T}$ -Total DOC (Organic Dissolved Carbon), [Gg] was determined such as:

${\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}.2011}={\sum }^{\text{}}\left[A+B+C+D+E+G\right],\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (5)

The terms A, B, C, D, E, G are calculated at the year 2011, by using adequate equations

$A=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{biodegrad}.T}\ast k_0,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (6)

$A_{2011}=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2011}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{biodegrad}.2011}\ast k_0,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$k_0=0.185$ the bio-degradable wastes DOC generation ratio, is in accordance with [11] , Chapter V, wastes;

$Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2011}=387.125\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$\%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{biodegrad}.2011}=51.2$ Predetermined for the year 2011;

$A_{2011}=387.125\times 0.512\times 0.185=36.668\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$B=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(G+P\right)\text{degrad}.T}\ast k_1,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (7)

$B_{2011}=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2011}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(G+P\right)\text{degrad}.2011}\ast k_1,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$k_1=0.1$ , the park and garden wastes DOC generation ratio, in accordance with [11] , Chapter V wastes;

$\%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(G+P\right)\text{degrad}.2011}=16$ , predetermined for 2011;

$B_{2011}=387.125\times 0.16\times 0.1=6.194\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$C=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(P+C+tex.\right)\text{degrad}.T}\ast k_2,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (8)

$C_{2011}=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2011}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(P+C+text.\right)\text{degrad}.2011}\ast k_2,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$k_2=0.06$ , the papers + cartoon + textiles wastes DOC generation ratio, in accordance with [11] , Chapter V, wastes;

$\%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(P+C+text\right).\text{degrad}.2011}=16.8$ , predetermined for 2011;

$C_{2011}=387.125\times 0.168\times 0.06=3.902\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$D=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(\text{Wood}+\text{straw}\right)\text{degrad}.T}\ast k_3,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (9)

$D_{2011}=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2011}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(\text{Wood}+\text{straw}\right)\text{degrad}.2011}\ast k_3,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$k_3=0.03$ , the wood + straw wastes DOC generation ratio in accordance with [11] , Chapter V, wastes;

$\%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(\text{wood}+\text{straw}\right)\text{degrad}.2011}=3$ , predetermined for 2011;

$D_{2011}=387.125\times 0.03\times 0.03=0.348\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$E=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{sludg}\text{.degrad}.T}\ast k_n,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (10)

$E_{2011}=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2011}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{sludg}\text{.degrad}.2011}\ast k_n,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$k_n=0.185$ , the containing sludge wastes DOC generation ratio in accordance with [11] , Chapter V, wastes;

$\%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{sludg}\text{.degrad}.2011}=1$

$E_{2011}=387.125\times 0.01\times 0.185=0.716\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$G=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{ind}\text{.degrad}\text{.}T}\ast k_4,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (11)

$G_{2011}=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}\text{.2011}}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{ind}\text{.degrad}\text{.2011}}\ast k_4,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$k_4=0.09$ , the industrial wastes (similar to home wastes) DOC generation ratio, in accordance with [11] , Chapter V, wastes;

$\%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{ind}\text{.degrad}\text{.2012}}=12$ , predetermined for 2011;

$G_{2011}=387.125\times 0.12\times 0.09=4.181\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

${\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}\text{.2011}}=36.668+6.194+3.902+0.348+0.716+4.181=52.01\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$\%{\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}.T}=\left({\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}.T}\right)/\left(Q_{\text{mswtakenintoconsid}.T}\right),\left[\%\right]$ [6] (12)

$\%{\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}\text{.2011}}=\left({\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}\text{.2011}}\right)/\left(Q_{\text{mswtakenintoconsid}\text{.2011}}\right),\left[\%\right]$

$Q_{\text{mswtakenintoconsid}\text{.}T}=Q_{\text{msw}T}+Q_{\text{mswundegrad}.T-1},\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (13)

$Q_{\text{mswtakenintoconsid}\text{.2011}}=Q_{\text{msw}2011}+Q_{\text{mswundegrad}\text{.2010}},\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$Q_{\text{mswtakenintoconsid}\text{.2011}}=361.000+496.989=857.989\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$\%{\text{TDOC}}_{2011}=52.01/857.989=0.06062$ ; 6.062%, respectively.

The CH₄ generated quantity at the year 2011 is calculated by applying the Equation (1), as follows:

${\text{CH}}_{\text{4generated/2011}}=387.125\times 0.06062\times 1.3333\times 0.5\times 0.8\times 0.5=6.25785\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

where:

・ 385.125 [Gg] is (msw) degraded quantity at the year 2011 which generated DOC and, later on, CH₄ methane gas [12] [13] [14] ;

・ 0.06062 is the percentage % TDOC within landfill body;

・ 0.5 represent DOC_f taking into consideration the existing condition from the analyzed emission;

・ 1.3333 (16/12) represent C from CH₄;

・ 0.8 Represents the management level of the analyzed msw landfill, at the year 2011;

・ 0.5 represents the% content of CH₄ Methane gas within Landfill Gas (LFG).

It is to be observed that the CH₄ gas emission increased gradually, but not suddenly, in accordance with the environmental condition of the landfill location. A certain wastes quantity of msw landfill will remain un-degraded and will be taken into consideration in the next year, so the process of msw degraded will generate, again DOC, and, as a consequence, CH₄ Methane gas.

At the year 2011 the economic operator collected 5.640 [Gg] CH₄, which was used for the green energy production.

In the same time, the operator delivered into atmosphere the difference

${\text{CH}}_{\text{4generated}\text{.2011}}-{\text{CH}}_{\text{4collected2011}}=6.25785-5.640=0.61785\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

CO₂equivalent is:

${\text{CO}}_{\text{2equivalent2011}}={\text{CH}}_{\text{4emitted2011}}\times 21=0.61785\times 21=12.97485\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

At the year 2012, for the same msw landfill-Chitila-Rudeni-Iridex, the quantity of CH₄ emission will be [12] [13] [14] ;

$Q_{\text{msw2012}}=371.568\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ msw, deposited.

$Q_{\text{mswundegrad}\text{.2011}}=470.864\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ the quantity of msw landfill un-degraded, remained from the year 2011;

$Q_{\text{mswtakenintoconsid}\text{.}T}=Q_{\text{msw}T}+Q_{\text{mswundegrad}.T-1},\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (13)

$Q_{\text{mswtakenintoconsid}\text{.2012}}=371.568+470.864=842.432\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

msw landfill deposited taken into consideration for the calculus of $Q_{\text{mswdegrad}\text{.2012}}$ ,

by using the Formula (3):

$Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}=\left[Q_{\text{msw}.T}+Q_{\text{mswundegrad}.T-1}\right]\ast \left[1-\exp \left(-Kt\right)\right],\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (3)

K = 0.4; m = 9 in accordance with msw deposit nomograme, (see Table 3).

$Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2012}=350.452\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

The non-degraded quantity of (msw) remained in the end of the year 2012; the Equation (4) is used:

$Q_{\text{mswundegrad}.T}=\left(Q_{\text{msw}T}+Q_{\text{mswundegrad}.T-1}\right)-Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T},\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (4)

$Q_{\text{mswundegrad}.2012}=842.432-350.452=491.980\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

By using the Equation (12) the percentage $\%{\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}.T}$ has been calculated, as follows:

$\%{\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}.T}=\left({\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}.T}\right)/\left(Q_{\text{mswtakenintoconsid}.T}\right)\left[\%\right]$ [6] (12)

${\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved2012}},\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ was calculated by using the Equation (5) :

${\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}.T}={\sum }^{\text{}}\left[A+B+C+D+E+G\right],\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (5)

The parameters―A, B, C, D, E, G are determined at the year 2012, by using corresponding equations.

$A=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{biodegrad}.T}\ast k_0,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (6)

$A_{2012}=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2012}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{biodegrad}.2012}\ast k_0,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$k_0=0.185$ , the biodegradable DOC generation ratio, in accordance with [11] , Chapter V, wastes.

$Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2012}=350.452\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$\%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{biodegrad}.2012}=58$ , predetermined for 2012;

$A_{2012}=350.452\times 0.58\times 0.185=37.603\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$B=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(G+P\right)\text{degrad}.T}\ast k_1,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (7)

$B_{2012}=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2012}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(G+P\right)\text{degrad}.2012}\ast k_1,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$k_1=0.1$ , parks and garden wastes DOC generation ratio in accordance with [11] , Chapter V, wastes [15] [16]

$\%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(G+P\right)\text{degrad}.2012}=13.8$ , predetermined for the year 2012;

$B_{2012}=350.452\times 0.138\times 0.1=4.836\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$C=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(P+C+text.\right)\text{degrad}.T}\ast k_2,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (8)

$C_{2012}=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2012}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(P+C+text.\right)\text{degrad}.2012}\ast k_2,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$k_2=0.06$ , the papers + cartoon + textiles wastes DOC generation ratio in accordance with [11] , Chapter V, wastes.

$\%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(P+C+text.\right)\text{degrad}.2012}=10.7$ , predetermined for the year 2012;

$C_{2012}=350.452\times 0.107\times 0.06=2.249\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$D=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(\text{wood}+\text{straw}\right)\text{degrad}.T}\ast k_3,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (9)

$D_{2012}=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2012}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(\text{wood}+\text{straw}\right)\text{degrad}.2012}\ast k_3,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$k_3=0.03$ , the wood + straw wastes DOC generation ratio in accordance with [11] , Chapter V, wastes.

$\%{\text{MSW}}_{\left(\text{wood}+\text{straw}\right)2012}=3$ , predetermined for 2012;

$D_{2012}=350.452\times 0.03\times 0.03=0.315\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$E=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{sludg}\text{.degrad}.T}\ast k_n,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ , [6] (10)

$E_{2012}=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2012}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{sludg}\text{.degrad}.2012}\ast k_n,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$k_n=0.185$ , wastes (containing sludge) DOC generation ratio in accordance with [11] , Chapter V, wastes;

$\%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{sludg}\text{.degrad}.2012}=1.5$ Predetermined for the year 2012;

$E_{2012}=350.452\times 0.015\times 0.185=0.973\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$G=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{ind}\text{.degrad}.T}\ast k_4,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (11)

$G_{2012}=Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.2012}\ast \%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{ind}\text{.degrad}.2012}\ast k_4,\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$k_4=0.09$ , (msw) landfill containing industrial wastes (similar to home wastes) DOC generation ratio, in accordance with [11] , Chapter V wastes,

$\%{\text{MSW}}_{\text{ind}\text{.degrad}.2012}=13$ , predetermined for the year 2012;

$G_{2012}=350.452\times 0.13\times 0.09=4.100\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

${\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}.2012}=37.603+4.836+2.249+0.315+0.973+4.100=50.077\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$\%{\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}.T}=\left({\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}.T}\right)/\left(Q_{\text{mswtakenintoconsid}.T}\right)\left[\%\right]$ [6] (12)

$\%{\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}.2012}=\left({\text{TDOC}}_{\text{dissolved}\text{.2012}}\right)/\left(Q_{\text{mswtakenintoconsid}.2012}\right)\left[\%\right]$

$Q_{\text{mswtakenintoconsid}.T}=Q_{\text{msw}T}+Q_{\text{mswundegrad}.T-1},\left[\text{Gg}\right]$ [6] (13)

$Q_{\text{mswtakenintoconsid}\text{.2012}}=Q_{\text{msw2012}}+Q_{\text{mswundegrad}\text{.2011}},\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$Q_{\text{mswtakenintoconsid}\text{.2012}}=371.568+470.864=842.432\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

$\%{\text{TDOC}}_{2012}=50.077/842.432=0.05944$ ; 5.944%, respectivly.

The quantity of CH₄ in the year 2012 gas generated is calculated by applying the Formula (1) [6] as follows:

${\text{CH}}_{\text{4generated/2012}}=350.452\times 0.05944\times 1.3333\times 0.5\times 0.9\times 0.5=6.24945\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

where:

・ 350.452 [Gg] is msw degraded quantity in 2012 which generated DOC and, later on, CH₄;

・ 0.05944, is the percentage% TDOC within landfill body;

・ 0.5represents DOC_f taking into consideration existing condition from the analyzed emission;

・ 1.3333 (16/12) represent C from CH₄;

・ 0.9 represents the management level of the analyzed msw landfill, in the year 2012;

・ 0.5 the CH₄ methane gas within Landfill Gas (LFG), content [%].

It is to be observed that the CH₄ gas emission increased gradually, but not suddenly, in accordance with the environmental condition of the landfill location [7] . A certain waste (rubbish) quantity of msw landfill will remain un-de- graded and will be taken into consideration for the next year, so the process of msw degraded will generate again DOC, and, as a consequence, CH₄ Methane gas.

At the calculation year 2012, the economic operator collected 5.363 [Gg] CH_4, quantity used for the green energy production.

In the same time the operator delivered into atmosphere the difference

${\text{CH}}_{\text{4generated}\text{.2012}}-{\text{CH}}_{\text{4collected2012}}=6.24945-5.363=1.1315\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

CO₂equivalent is:

${\text{CO}}_{\text{2equivalent2012}}={\text{CH}}_{\text{4emitted2012}}\times 21=1.1315\times 21=23.7615\left[\text{Gg}\right]$

Table 4 presents NOMOGRAMA of a non-conforming landfill msw located

Legendă・ 1991, 1992, 1993... 2011, msw depositing years: ・ msw quantities deposited within waste landfill body; ・m―number of months fixed annually waste degradation, according to NOMOGRAMA.

in Maramures district, Romania, for the 1991 ¸ 2011 period.

And, accordingly to msw landfill Maramures, NOMOGRAMA, the evolution of greenhouse gas effect for the period 1991-2011 is presented in Figure 3.

6. Conclusions

Have to be taken into consideration that, at the global level, the mixed msw waste landfills (deposits) are one of the responsible for the global atmosphere warming by 3% ¸ 5% percentage.

So the necessity of a drawing up of a dispersion map of a msw mixed wastes deposits (landfills) is absolutely to be imposed.

An adequate and correct management of the msw deposits (landfills) is a stringent requirement for developed countries and a necessary one for undeveloped countries or those being in transition economies.

Year by year the global population rises and the quantity of msw wastes generated, increases, consequently [17] , so it is absolute necessary to approach a new type of waste management―a friendly one. The waste depositing on the landfill has to be carried out according with legal environmental legislation, but in the same time, wastes depositing on other places than those legally approved will continues, unfortunately.

The best solution for the msw wastes management is their depositing on soil or within subsoil, with the exceptions of those without economical value. Of course, when the msw wastes is depositing on soil or subsoil, the problem of gas emission, particularly CH₄ is extremely important, according to the Kyoto Protocol [2] .

Beside other calculation relations related to the estimation of waste gas emission, the formula presented [6] and dealing with the calculation of waste gas emission is based on the msw wastes degradation under the environmental factors action. The waste degradation period cover both active depositing period and post degradation time.

By implementing the idea of establishing -m- (number of months) parameter values―the period when maximum 45% of the waste deposited or taken into consideration is degraded, it is possible to estimate the quantity of CH₄emission from deposits with more than 0.1 Gg, annually deposited.

The proposed calculus relation is:

${\text{CH}}_{\text{4}\left(\text{Gg}/\text{year}\right)}=\left(Q_{\text{mswdegrad}.T}\right)\ast \left(\%{\text{TDOC}}_{\text{disolved}T}\right)\ast \left({\text{DOC}}_f\right)\ast \left(16/12\right)\ast \left(F\right)\ast \left(F_r\right),$

Together with the m parameter establishing methodology and those 12 equations associated, the estimation is possible, by calculus, of the quantitative estimation of CH₄ from msw waste deposits.

For the legal environmental authorities but also for potential investors, the drawing up of the CO₂ evolution for every msw waste deposit is absolutely necessary for the first 10 years lifetime period [18] .

Acknowledgements

The Author would like to express many thanks to Dr. Rui (Ray) Wong, Editor Assistant of ACS Journal, Scientific Research Publishing, for his kind invitation to submit my paper in order to be published in this prestigious scientific Journal. I appreciate so much.

Cite this paper

Vieru, D. (2017) NOMOGRAMA of a Landfill (msw)―Setting m Parameter Values. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 7, 436-454. https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2017.74032

References

List of Abbreviation (LFG)―Landfill Gas

CH₄: Methane gas;

CO₂: Carbon dioxide;

UNFCCC (CCONUSC)―United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Paris 2015;

C: Carbon;

A_C: Calendaristic year;

A_T: The year of calculus;

m: Number of months, the time in which max. 45 % of the wastes deposited or takeninto consideration at the year A_T, is a natural number $7\le m\le 18$ , $n\in N$ ;

(msw)―municipal solid waste;

n: number of years, $n\in N$ ;

N₂O: nitrogen dioxide;

HFC: hidrofluorocarbons;

PFC: per fluorocarbons;

DOC: Dissolved Organic Carbon;

GWP: Global warming potential.